Most discussions in the newsgroup center on the creation/evolution controversy, but other topics of discussion include the origin of life, geology, biology, catastrophism, cosmology and theology. The TalkOrigins Archive is a collection of articles and essays, most of which have appeared in blogger.coms at one time or another “The Evolution of Apple Maps’s Cartographic Design” “The Evolution of Google Maps’s Cartographic Design” Research & Updates Material for future essays, not intended for wide distribution “Apple Maps ‘Look Around’, Release # Suburban New York City & Suburban San Francisco” Great Research Essays Online. We are the preeminent internet publisher of reference essays and research papers providing students, scholars, and the intellectually curious with unlimited access to information on the web
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Theistic evolution [a] is a general term comprising views that evolution essays religious teachings about God as compatible with modern scientific understanding about biological evolution, evolution essays. Theistic evolution is not in itself a scientific theorybut a range of views about how the science of general evolution relates to religious beliefs in contrast to special creation views. Theistic evolutionists accept the scientific consensus on the age of the Earththe age of the universeevolution essays, the Big Evolution essaysthe origin of the Solar Systemthe origin of lifeand evolution.
Supporters of theistic evolution generally attempt to harmonize evolutionary thought with belief in God, rejecting the conflict thesis regarding the relationship between religion and science — they hold that religious teachings about creation and scientific theories of evolution need not contradict each other. Francis Collins describes theistic evolution as the position that "evolution is real, but that it was set in motion by God", [3] and characterizes it as accepting "that evolution occurred as biologists describe it, but under the direction of God".
They include: [5]. The executive director of the National Center for Science Education in the United States of Evolution essays, Eugenie Scotthas used the term to refer to the part of the overall spectrum of beliefs about creation and evolution holding the theological view that God creates through evolution.
It covers a wide range of beliefs about the extent of any intervention by God, with some approaching deism in rejecting the concept of continued intervention. Just as different types of evolutionary explanations have evolved, so there are different types of theistic evolution, evolution essays. Creationists Henry M. Morris and John D. Morris have listed different terms which were used to describe different positions evolution essays the s to the s: " Orthogenesis " goal-directed evolution" nomogenesis " evolution according to fixed law" emergent evolution "evolution essays, " creative evolution "and evolution essays. Others argue that one should read the creation story in the book of Genesis only metaphorically.
Others see "evolutionary creation" [10] EC, also referred to by some observers as "evolutionary creationism" as the belief that God, as Creator, uses evolution to bring about his plan.
The Evolution essays paleontologist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin — was an influential proponent of God-directed evolution or "orthogenesis", in which man will eventually evolve to the " omega point " of union with the Creator. Eugenie Scott states in Evolution Vs. Creationism that it is a type of evolution essays rather than creationism, despite its name, and that it is "hardly distinguishable from Theistic Evolution". Regarding the embracing of Darwinian evolution, historian Ronald Numbers describes the position of the late 19th-century geologist George Frederick Wright as "Christian Darwinism".
Historians of science and authors of pre-evolutionary ideas have pointed out that scientists had considered the concept of biological change well before Darwin. Linnaeus had initially embraced the Aristotelian idea of immutability of species the idea that species never changebut later in his life he started to challenge it.
Yet, evolution essays, as a Christian, he still defended "special creation", evolution essays, the belief that God created "every living creature" at the beginning, as read in Genesis, with the peculiarity a set of original species of which all the present species have descended.
Let us suppose that the Divine Being in the beginning progressed from the simpler to the complex; from few to many; similarly that He in the beginning of the plant kingdom evolution essays as many plants as there were natural orders.
These plant orders He Himself, there from producing, mixed among themselves until from them originated those plants which today exist as genera. Nature then mixed up these plant genera among themselves through generations -of double origin hybrids and multiplied them into existing species, evolution essays, as many as possible whereby the flower structures were not changed excluding from the number of species the almost sterile hybrids, which are produced by the same mode of origin, evolution essays.
We imagine that the Creator at the actual time of creation made only one single species for each natural order of plants, this species being different in habit and fructification from all the rest, evolution essays. That he made these mutually fertile, whence out of their progeny, fructification having been somewhat changed, Genera of natural classes have arisen as many in number as the different parents, and since this is not carried further, we regard this also as having been done by His Omnipotent hand directly in the beginning; thus all Genera were primeval and constituted a single Species.
That as many Genera having arisen as there were individuals in the beginning, these plants in course of time became fertilised by others of different sort and thus arose Species until so many were produced as now exist these Species were sometimes fertilised out of congeners, evolution essays, that is other Species of the same Genus, evolution essays, whence have arisen Varieties.
Jens Christian Clausenrefers to Linnaeus' theory as a "forgotten evolutionary theory [that] antedates Darwin's by nearly years", and reports that he was a pioneer in doing experiments about hybridization. Later observations by Protestant botanists Carl Friedrich von Gärtner and Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter denied the immutability of species, which the Bible never teaches.
Later, in a number of experiments carried out between andthe Augustinian friar Gregor Mendelaligning himself with the "new doctrine of special creation" proposed by Evolution essays, [22] concluded that new species of plants could indeed arise, although limitedly and retaining their own stability, evolution essays.
Georges Cuvier 's analysis of fossils and discovery of extinction disrupted static views of nature in the early 19th century, confirming geology as showing a historical sequence of life, evolution essays. British natural theologywhich sought examples of adaptation to show design by a benevolent Creator, adopted catastrophism to show earlier organisms being replaced in a series of creations by new organisms better adapted to a changed environment.
Charles Lyell also saw adaptation to changing environments as a sign of a benevolent Creator, but his uniformitarianism envisaged continuing extinctions, leaving unanswered the problem of providing evolution essays. In continental Europe, the idealism of philosophers including Lorenz Oken developed a Naturphilosophie in which patterns of development from archetypes were a purposeful evolution essays plan aimed at forming humanity.
The idealist Louis Agassiza persistent opponent of transmutation, saw mankind as the goal of a sequence of creations, but his concepts were the first to be adapted into a scheme of theistic evolutionism, when in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation published inits anonymous author Robert Chambers set out goal-centred progressive development as the Creator's divine plan, programmed to unfold without direct intervention or miracles.
The book became a best-seller and popularised the idea of transmutation in a designed "law evolution essays progression". The scientific establishment strongly attacked Vestiges at the time, but later more sophisticated theistic evolutionists followed the same approach of looking for patterns of development as evidence of design.
The comparative anatomist Richard Owena prominent figure in the Victorian era scientific establishment, opposed transmutation throughout his life. When formulating homology he adapted idealist philosophy to reconcile natural theology with development, unifying nature as divergence from an underlying form in a process demonstrating design.
His conclusion to his On the Nature of Limbs of suggested that divine laws could have controlled the development of life, but he did not expand this idea after objections from his conservative patrons. Others supported the idea of development by law, evolution essays, including the botanist Hewett Watson and the Reverend Baden Powellwho wrote in that such laws better illustrated the powers of the Creator, evolution essays. When Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species inmany liberal Christians accepted evolution provided they could reconcile it with divine design.
The clergymen Charles Kingsley — and Frederick Temple —evolution essays, both conservative Christians in the Church of Englandevolution essays a theology of creation as an indirect process controlled by divine laws.
Some strict Calvinists welcomed the idea of natural selectionas it did not entail inevitable progress and humanity could be seen as a fallen race requiring salvation. The Anglo-Catholic Aubrey Moore also accepted the theory of natural selection, incorporating it into his Christian beliefs as merely the way God worked. Darwin's friend Asa Gray defended natural selection as compatible with design.
Darwin himself, in evolution essays second edition of the Origin Januaryhad written in the conclusion:. I believe that animals have descended from at most only four or five progenitors, and plants from an equal or lesser number. Analogy would lead me one step further, namely, to the belief that all animals and plants have descended from some one prototype.
But analogy may be a deceitful guide. Nevertheless all living things have much in common, in their chemical composition, their germinal vesicles, their cellular structure, and their laws of growth and reproduction.
We see this even in so trifling a circumstance as that the same poison often similarly affects plants and animals; or that the poison secreted by the gall-fly produces monstrous growths on the wild rose or oak-tree. I should infer from analogy that probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on evolution essays earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed by the Creator.
Within a decade most scientists had started evolution essays evolution, but from the outset some expressed opposition to the concept of natural selection and searched for a more purposeful mechanism. In Richard Owen attacked Darwin's Origin of Species in an anonymous review while praising "Professor Owen" for "the establishment of the axiom of evolution essays continuous operation of the ordained becoming of living things ", evolution essays.
He added "On the other hand, we do not mean to deny that such intelligence may act according to law that is to say, evolution essays, on a preconceived and evolution essays plan ".
Darwin " in which he rejected many Darwinian ideas, evolution essays, such as those concerning vestigial organs or questioning God's perfection in his work. Brewster concluded that Darwin's book contained both "much valuable knowledge and much wild speculation", although accepting that "every part of the human frame had been fashioned by the Divine hand and exhibited the most marvellous and beneficent adaptions for the use of men".
In the s theistic evolution essays became a popular compromise in science and gained widespread support from the general public. Between and Owen published a theory of derivation, evolution essays, proposing that species had an innate tendency to change in ways that resulted in variety evolution essays beauty showing creative purpose.
Both Owen and Mivart insisted that natural selection could not explain patterns and variation, which they saw as resulting from divine purpose. In the Duke of Argyll published The Reign of Lawwhich explained beauty in plumage without any adaptive benefit as design generated by the Creator's laws of nature for evolution essays delight of humans.
Argyll attempted to reconcile evolution with design by suggesting that the laws of variation prepared rudimentary organs for a future need. Cardinal John Henry Newman wrote in "Mr Darwin's theory need not then to be atheisticalbe it true or not; it may simply be suggesting a larger idea of Divine Prescience and Skill and I do not [see] that 'the accidental evolution of organic beings' is inconsistent with divine design — It is accidental to us, not to God.
In Darwin published his own research on human ancestry evolution essays The Descent evolution essays Manevolution essays, concluding that humans "descended from a hairy quadruped, furnished with a tail and pointed ears", which would be classified amongst the Quadrumana along with monkeys, and in turn descended "through a long line of diversified forms" going back to something like the larvae of sea squirts.
Among the few who did record the impact of Darwin's writings, the naturalist Joseph LeConte struggled with "distress and doubt" following the death of his daughter inbefore enthusiastically saying in the late s there was "not a single philosophical question connected with our highest and dearest religious and spiritual interests that is fundamentally affected, or even put in any new light, by evolution essays theory of evolution", and evolution essays the late s embracing the view that "evolution is entirely consistent with a rational theism".
Similarly, George Frederick Wright responded to Darwin's Origin of Species and Charles Lyell 's Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man [40] by turning to Asa Gray's belief that God had set the rules at the start and only intervened on rare occasions, as a way to harmonise evolution with theology.
The idea of evolution did not seriously shake Wright's faith, but he later suffered a crisis when confronted with historical criticism of the Bible. Evolution essays to Eugenie Scott : "In one form or another, Theistic Evolutionism is the view of creation taught at the majority of mainline Protestant seminariesand it is the official position of the Catholic Church. Theistic evolutionism has been described as arguing for compatibility between science and religionand as such it is viewed with disdain both by some atheists and many young Earth creationists.
Hominizationin both science and religion, involves the process or the purpose of becoming human. The process and means by which hominization occurs is a key problem in theistic evolutionary thought, at least for the Abrahamic religionsevolution essays, which hold as a core belief that animals do not have immortal evolution essays but that humans do. Scientific accounts of the origin of the universethe origin of lifeand subsequent evolution of pre-human life forms may not cause any difficulty but the need to reconcile religious and scientific views of hominization and to account for the addition of a soul to humans remains a problem.
Theistic evolution typically postulates a point at which a population of hominids evolution essays had or may have evolved by a process of natural evolution acquired souls and thus with their descendants became fully human in theological terms. This group might be restricted to Adam and Eveor indeed to Mitochondrial Eveevolution essays, although versions of the theory allow for larger populations.
The point at which such an event occurred should essentially be the same as in paleoanthropology and archeologybut theological discussion of the matter tends to concentrate on the theoretical. The term " special transformism " is sometimes used to refer to theories that there was a divine intervention of some sort, achieving hominization.
Several 19th-century theologians and evolutionists attempted specific solutions, evolution essays, including the Catholics John Augustine Zahm and St, evolution essays. George Jackson Mivartbut tended evolution essays come under attack from both the theological and biological camps.
The American botanist Asa Gray used the name "theistic evolution" in a now-obsolete sense for his point of view, presented in his book Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism. St George Jackson Evolution essays argued instead in his On the Genesis of Species evolution essays the deity, equipped with foreknowledge, sets the direction of evolution orthogenesis by specifying the laws that govern it, and leaves species to evolve according to the conditions they experience as time goes by.
The Duke of Argyll set out similar views evolution essays his book The Reign of Law. Larson stated that the theory failed as an explanation in the minds of biologists from the late 19th century onwards as it broke the rules of methodological naturalism evolution essays they had grown to expect, evolution essays. The major criticism of theistic evolution by non-theistic evolutionists focuses on its essential belief in a supernatural creator.
These critics argue that by the application of Occam's razorsufficient explanation of the phenomena of evolution is provided by natural processes in particular, natural selectionand the intervention or direction of a super natural entity is not required. A number of notable proponents of theistic evolution essays, including Kenneth R. MillerJohn HaughtGeorge CoyneSimon Conway MorrisDenis AlexanderArd Evolution essaysDarrel FalkAlister McGrathFrancisco J.
Ayalaand Francis Collins are critics of intelligent design. Young Earth creationists including Ken Ham criticise theistic evolution on evolution essays grounds, [55] [56] finding it hard to reconcile the nature of a loving God with the process of evolution, in particular, the existence of death and evolution essays before the Fall of Man. They consider that it undermines central biblical teachings by regarding the creation account as a myth, a parable, or an allegory, instead of treating it as historical.
They also fear that a capitulation to what they call " atheistic " naturalism will confine God to the gaps in scientific explanations, undermining biblical doctrines, evolution essays, such as God's incarnation through Christ. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. See also: Evolutionary creation. Views that regard religious teachings about Evolution essays as compatible with modern science.
Darwin's finches by John Gould. Index Introduction Main Outline. Processes and outcomes.
What is Evolution?
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Feb 06, · A lmost years after Charles Darwin publicized his groundbreaking theory on the development of life, Americans are still arguing about evolution. In spite of the fact that evolutionary theory is accepted by all but a small number of scientists, it continues to be rejected by many Americans. In fact, about one-in-five U.S. adults reject the basic idea that life on Most discussions in the newsgroup center on the creation/evolution controversy, but other topics of discussion include the origin of life, geology, biology, catastrophism, cosmology and theology. The TalkOrigins Archive is a collection of articles and essays, most of which have appeared in blogger.coms at one time or another 1 day ago · Publish personal essays how to cite quote mla format in essay, essay cancel culture my future plan in life essay essay on youth mental health evolution about Essays believing in essay about gender confusion, essay on independence day of pakistan in english for class 9 essay on library in hindi, mother to son essay questions example for a good
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