Decisions, Decisions, Decisions Essay. Words2 Pages. Decisions, Decisions, Decisions. People make decisions every single day, even if they know it or not. Whether it is an important decision as in buying the right car, or a little decision as in deciding what to eat for lunch. No matter what the decision maybe, one has to make choices everyday 1 day ago · Ethical decision essay. Rap song analysis essay. Ap essay grader. Case study of business pdf 5 paragraph essay about story of an hour persuasive essay about relationships case study about labor law in philippines, essay proofreading sites, smart borrower no essay scholarship and loan forgiveness. Writing comparison and contrast essay example · Six Step Decision Making Process Pages: 6 ( words) The Process of Decision Making in Nursing Pages: 2 ( words) Consumer Decision Making Process Pages: 2 ( words) Essay about Decision Making Process Pages: 3 ( words) The Role of Mis and Dss in Manager’s Decision Making Process Pages: 12 ( words)
Essay on Decision-Making: Top 7 Essays | Management | Public Administration
Of all the problems in management, the problem of decision-making is the most difficult. He runs about for advice and guidance, for consultations and suggestions and ultimately decision essay he comes to take a decision, he gets too late and changes his mind. This is what usually happens with most of us and in most of the cases.
But decision essay an organization take decisions the way we take? Can they keep things pending for long? In business, decisions have got to be quick and on time otherwise the enterprise shall soon be out of its gears, decision essay.
In business we need quick and speedy decisions; in Public administration we need right decisions. Effective management whether of private or public organization means, in the ultimate analysis, making right and responsible decisions.
It is usually seen that even Ministers, when faced with public repercussion, pass the buck to the Cabinet to avoid personal responsibility for their decisions. In fact, responsibility is a burden which most of us do not carry well, which most of us are not willing to accept. But leadership means that decisions must be made and responsibility accepted. Management is impossible without decision essay capacity and the willingness to decide.
Millet refers to three aspects which decision essay be considered in order to understand decision-making process. There are differences in the personal qualities of individuals which make some decisive and others indecisive. Common experience reveals that some individuals are willing to make choices and to abide by the consequences. Others prefer to avoid clear-cut choices, to temporize, to postpone, to hope that somehow, some way circumstances will intervene to make a choice unnecessary.
We do not know now why there should be these differences among individuals or how extensive such differences may be. Perhaps, these differences among individuals are the result of social and professional environment in which they are nurtured.
Opinion is veering round to the acceptance of the premise that intellectuals make no good administrators because they lack the capacity to make decisions. b He may be non-decisive ultra-careful, ultra-judicial in his examination of a problem, decision essay, seeing so many aspects of it and so many possible consequences of a particular action that he cannot make up his own mind ; and.
Decision-making depends upon the availability of facts and the necessary data. There are institutional limitations which circumscribe decision-making.
On the other hand, there are personal predilections among administrators which also limit decision-making. Decision-making in any large-scale organization is a co-operative effort; it is a collective activity in which all levels in administration participate, decision essay.
One individual may pronounce the decision, but many contribute to the process of reaching the decision. It is a part of the political system. Although the announcement decision essay a decision may come from a particular individual in the administration, decision essay, it should be remembered that decisions are not arrived at as quickly and as speedily as lightning makes its frightening sound in the decision essay sky.
Decisions are the product of long deliberations to which many people and agencies participate, decision essay. It may, decision essay, however, be mentioned that the top administrator is a person who must have a final say, who must ultimately give the final word. This is because of the fact that in the final analysis, decision essay, it is he who has to own the burden of responsibility of the consequences of a particular decision.
As he decision essay up ladder, his functions decrease but his responsibility increases. As it is he alone who can see the enterprise as a whole, the power of final decision-making must rest with him, decision essay. There are no fixed bases, nor there can be any, for decision-making. Much depends on the nature of decision to be taken and the nature of agency taking it.
Of course, all decisions must be taken rationally and not emotionally or impulsively. Seckler-Hudson provides a list of twelve factors which must be considered in decision-making:. We can only lay down one criterion, i.
In other words, decision essay, bias or predilection should not enter in decision-making. Merits of the case should be the sole basis on which a decision should rest. Decision essay are no universally accepted techniques of decision-making except that the problem should be carefully analyzed, decision essay, studied and investigated before taking a decision on it.
In fact, decision-making is a practical experience and can be learnt by actually taking to it. One cannot learn music by reading literature on music alone.
He has to take to practice on the instruments before he is able to produce the melodious notes. Similarly, the techniques of decision-making cannot be learnt by reading literature on the subject alone; it has to be practiced.
Their effectiveness can be measured in terms of their action-orientation and goal-directed behaviour as well as the amount of efficiency with which decisions are taken. Decisions should ultimately find their utility in implementation. A decision brilliantly conceived may be worthless without effective implementation, decision essay.
It is revealed through a study of decision-making in public or business enterprises that routine takes too much of time with the result that decisions are either avoided or postponed, decision essay. They were to communicate to relevant clerks information on the current decision essay levels in various warehouses. They were to make any necessary reassignments of warehouses to groups of clerks so as to maintain an approximately equal work load in each group.
They were to suggest any other changes in procedure that might be appropriate, decision essay. The subjects were told that each of the three jobs was equally important and should be given equal attention. As the work load varied, we observed the proportion of communications dealing with routine activities as opposed to planning activities by the subjects, decision essay.
First, despite instructions to spend only one- third of the time on routine matters, subjects spent a good deal more than that even when the work load was relatively light. Second, consistently as the work load increased, subjects spent a small proportion of their total time on planning activities. At peak loads, virtually no planning was evidenced. The second problem of decision-making is which problem should be solved first. It is usually seen that in a large-scale organisation, there are several problems, each looking more urgent than the other.
The administrator finds decision essay extremely difficult to determine the priority of these problems. Sometimes, the problems are very heavy as in the case of planners of our country who have to determine priorities of various demands decision essay the limited resources. Should there be more schools, hospitals or more industries and projects?
These are the problems which not only take much of their time but also create a constant worry in them. Thirdly, decisions are delayed because of the lengthy procedures and other formalities attached to arriving at a decision. The whole procedure is circumlocutory and decision essay and it checks quick decisions.
Even after all these formalities are complete, there is no certainty that the decision arrived at is a right decision. In the words of P. But the right decision must meet a higher test. It must accord with the general interest, the constitutional spirit, and the moral decision essay. Nothing short of this will do. The problems decision essay above do have some solutions but the problem of bias in decision-making rarely finds solution. Decision essay is because of the nature of bias.
Bias is generally invisible; it travels on wings which cannot be seen except when it is openly accepted as part of policy by an organisation of agency or government. What is bias? Prejudice is an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed before taking a decision without knowledge of reason. Predilection is a mental preference of a favourable predisposition towards a particular issue or matter or person. Both are irrational and may occur consciously or unconsciously.
Bias is conscious or deliberate when an individual or an agency willingly develops it as part of policy; it is unconscious when it develops without the willing response from the individual or agency. There can develop a general bias also as most of us have developed against the police in our country. Bias should not be confused with unethical acts such as favouritism, corruption, nepotism, etc.
These vices are deliberately developed whereas bias is generally unconscious. It may also be mentioned decision essay that bias is relative to time and place because it is generally connected with values and traditions.
As our values and traditions change, bias also changes. We must admit that the old bias we had against the backward classes is almost disappearing today. It is very difficult to exactly locate bias. Of course, there are certain ways by which we can find out, if not exactly, to some extent, whether a particular authority has acted impartially and without bias.
Third, we have to see whether the act or decision of an authority can be justified before an impartial tribunal or not.
Through the application of these tests, we can make some rough estimate as to whether a decision is free or not from bias. Bias can develop on account of many causes; lack of education and training, strict adherence to rules and regulations leading to bias for red-tape, fear of external repercussions to a decision, decision essay, caste, class, community, religion, decision essay, language, region, province, group attachments, party affiliations, ideology, decision essay, profession, value attitudes, etc.
All bias is not bad, decision essay. It is only the unhealthy bias which is undesirable and should be eliminated. If we are developing a constructive bias, as for example, bias in favour of preferential service to the Jawans or to their widows or bias in favour of backward classes, it is a healthy bias and need be developed and acquired. In the field of law, unhealthy bias is eliminated to the extent that principles of justice provide that:, decision essay.
These principles are now well established in administrative adjudication but in pure administration, we have yet to devise these types of principles. In our country too, this decision essay is getting well established. It is on account of this fact that rules and regulations are constantly being framed to keep the civil servants free from outside pressures, of pecuniary and non-pecuniary gains so that their actions may not be coloured by unhealthy bias.
It is for the same reason that High Court Judges are not allowed to practice before the same court after their retirement and the Comptroller and Auditor General is not allowed to hold any remunerative post after retirement. The Universities also provide safeguards against bias of the examiners to the examinees by issuing them confidential answer-books, by refusing appointments as examiners to persons who have any interest in any of the examinees appearing in the same examination.
Before setting the paper, the paper-setter should inform the Registrar by name, if he is the author of a book or booklet on the subject and the standard for which the book can be utilised. Thus every effort is made to decision essay the possibilities of bias entering into decision-making and in the execution of policy.
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Decisions, Decisions, Decisions Essay. Words2 Pages. Decisions, Decisions, Decisions. People make decisions every single day, even if they know it or not. Whether it is an important decision as in buying the right car, or a little decision as in deciding what to eat for lunch. No matter what the decision maybe, one has to make choices everyday · Six Step Decision Making Process Pages: 6 ( words) The Process of Decision Making in Nursing Pages: 2 ( words) Consumer Decision Making Process Pages: 2 ( words) Essay about Decision Making Process Pages: 3 ( words) The Role of Mis and Dss in Manager’s Decision Making Process Pages: 12 ( words) · words sample essay on Decision Making. The ability to decide and choose wisely and rightly is often a matter of how the problem was posed. Though we try to be as logical as possible in taking a decision, sometimes we end up making illogical choices. So, it is important to understand how people decide things to avoid bad blogger.comted Reading Time: 6 mins
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